語法專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練之---虛擬語氣

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】虛擬語氣表示說話人的主觀愿望、猜測(cè)、建議或與事實(shí)不符的假想等，是通過謂語動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來構(gòu)成的。由于其實(shí)用性強(qiáng)、易與其它句型結(jié)合、創(chuàng)新力度大而倍受命題者的青睞，它主要在單項(xiàng)填空、語法填空和短文改錯(cuò)試題中考查。同時(shí)，由于虛擬語氣表示說話人的主觀態(tài)度，故而在聽力、閱讀理解和完形填空中也會(huì)涉及。熟練掌握虛擬語氣后，有助于我們了解說話人當(dāng)時(shí)的真實(shí)情感，明白其言外之意、弦外之音，從而準(zhǔn)確把握命題人的真正意圖。

1. 虛擬語氣用于條件狀語從句中時(shí)，主句和從句謂語動(dòng)詞的形式，解題關(guān)鍵在于牢記基本結(jié)構(gòu)。

I was wearing a seatbelt. If I hadn’t been wearing one, I would have been injured.

[簡(jiǎn)析]句意：我當(dāng)時(shí)系著安全帶。如果我沒有系安全帶，我就會(huì)受傷了。使用虛擬語氣，根據(jù)if條件句中的hadn’t been wearing可知，主句用would have done表示對(duì)過去情況的虛擬，且I和injure是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

Sorry, I am too busy now. If I had time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.

[簡(jiǎn)析]根據(jù)題干中“I am too busy now”可知，本題考查對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬。句意：對(duì)不起，現(xiàn)在我很忙。如果我有空，我當(dāng)然會(huì)和你外出的。

Grace doesn’t want to move to New York because she thinks if she were to live there, she wouldn’t be able to see her parents very often.

[簡(jiǎn)析]本題考查對(duì)將來的虛擬。句意：Grace不想搬去New York，因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為如果住在哪兒，她將不能常?？赐改?。

2. 在表示“堅(jiān)持、命令、建議、要求”等動(dòng)詞后面的賓語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞要用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”。這類動(dòng)詞主要有：1堅(jiān)持insist、3命令command/ direct/ order、4建議advise/propose/recommend/suggest、6要求ask/desire/ demand/request/ require/urge，此外還有prefer(寧愿)等。解題關(guān)鍵在于should可以省略，并且要注意語態(tài)。

My mom suggests that we should eat out for a change this weekend. (陜西2013卷·12)

[簡(jiǎn)析]句意：媽媽建議我們這個(gè)周末出去吃飯換換樣。

Eye doctors recommend that a child’s first eye exam be at the age of six months old.

[簡(jiǎn)析]句意：眼科醫(yī)生建議：孩子在六個(gè)月時(shí)就要進(jìn)行第一次眼科檢查。

3. 在固定句式中考查。解題關(guān)鍵在于牢記基本結(jié)構(gòu)。

(1)It is (high/about/the very) time+that從句。that從句動(dòng)詞要用一般過去式或“should+動(dòng)詞原形”。解題關(guān)鍵在于牢記結(jié)構(gòu)以及should不能省略。

Jack is a great talker. It’s high time that he did something instead of just talking. (2012遼寧卷單項(xiàng)填空)

[簡(jiǎn)析]It’s high time+that從句，意為“該某人做某事的時(shí)候了”。that從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用一般過去式或“should+動(dòng)詞原形”。

(2)would rather+從句。

①表示對(duì)過去的虛擬，從句動(dòng)詞用“had+過去分詞”；

②表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?/span>的虛擬，從句動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)(be用were)。

We would rather our daughter stayed at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.

[簡(jiǎn)析]根據(jù)but分句中的is可知，本題考查對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬。

George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he focused more on its culture.

[簡(jiǎn)析]根據(jù)題干中“George is going to talk about the geography of his country” 可知，本題考查對(duì)將來的虛擬。

(3)wish+從句。

①表示對(duì)過去的虛擬，從句動(dòng)詞用“had+過去分詞”；

②表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬，從句動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)(be用were)；

③表示對(duì)將來的虛擬，從句動(dòng)詞用“should/ would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形”。

I wish I had been at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then. (2015天津卷單項(xiàng)填空)

[簡(jiǎn)析]根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語last Tuesday可知，本題考查對(duì)過去的虛擬。

There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I had a second chance to become more involved. (2018江蘇卷單項(xiàng)填空)

[簡(jiǎn)析]根據(jù)第一分句中的is可知，本題考查對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬。

(4)as if/as though從句。

①表示對(duì)過去的虛擬，從句動(dòng)詞用“had+過去分詞”；

②表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬，從句動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)(be用were)；

③表示對(duì)將來的虛擬，從句動(dòng)詞用“should/ would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形”。

Don’t handle the vase as if it were made of steel.

[簡(jiǎn)析]根據(jù)句意“拿花瓶時(shí)，不要當(dāng)它是鋼做的一樣?！?/span>可知，本題考查對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬。

He suddenly appeared in class one day, wearing sun glasses. He walked in as if he __17__ (buy) the school. (2012廣東卷語法填空)

[簡(jiǎn)析]had bought。根據(jù)句意“他走進(jìn)來就好像買下了整所學(xué)校一樣?！?/span>可知，本題考查對(duì)過去的虛擬。

(5)省略主句的If only結(jié)構(gòu)。

①表示對(duì)過去的虛擬，從句動(dòng)詞用“had+過去分詞”；

②表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬，從句動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)(be用were)；

(3)表示對(duì)將來的虛擬，從句動(dòng)詞用“should/ would/ could/ might+動(dòng)詞原形”。

解題關(guān)鍵在于牢記基本結(jié)構(gòu)。

Look at the trouble I’m in! If only I had followed your advice!

【高考考向】

依據(jù)語境來判斷虛擬語氣的不同形式為高考試題主要設(shè)題方法之一。在今年考題中，出現(xiàn)來對(duì)陳述語氣與虛擬語氣辨析考察。

【高考真題】

1. （2019.全國卷Ⅱ改編）If it had been my dog，I’d hope that somebody _______(be) willing to go that extra mile.

would be   句意∶如果那是我的狗，我希望有人愿意為我的狗多走一些路程, would表示意愿。

2. (2019 .天津卷改編)The workers were not better organized, otherwise they_________(accomplish) the task in half the time.

would have accomplished 句意∶工人們沒有被更好地組織起來，否則他們用一半的時(shí)間就能完成任務(wù)。根據(jù)句中的otherwise 以及前文為一般過去時(shí)可知，此處是對(duì)過去情況的含蓄虛擬，從句應(yīng)使用"would+have done"，故填 would have accomplished。

【解題指導(dǎo)】本題通過時(shí)態(tài)及句中的關(guān)鍵詞 otherwise 可判斷是對(duì)過去情況的含蓄虛擬，從句謂語應(yīng)使用"would+have done"的形式。

3.（2018·北京卷改編）They might have found a bettr hotel if they_______(drive)a few more kilometers.

had driven  句意∶如果他們?cè)匍_幾千米，可能會(huì)找到一個(gè)更好的旅館。由主句中的"might have found"可知，此處表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，從句應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)。

4.（2017·江蘇卷改編）__________(be) it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her dificulty.

Were  句意∶要不是老師們的支持，那個(gè)學(xué)生克服不了她的困難。根據(jù)后面的"could not overcome"可知，此處是對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬，從句中的 be動(dòng)詞要用 were。而且當(dāng)從句中省略了引導(dǎo)詞 if時(shí)，從句要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，即把從句中的were提到句首。故填Were。

5.（2018·江蘇卷改編）單句語法填空

There is a god social life in the village, and I wish I_______ (have) a second chance to become more involved.

句意∶鄉(xiāng)村里的社交生活很好，我希望我能有再一次機(jī)會(huì)更多地參與其中。wish后的從句用虛擬語氣，根據(jù)語境可知。此處表達(dá)說話人此刻不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，故從句用一般過去時(shí)。

【學(xué)生學(xué)情分析】

學(xué)生能記住虛擬語氣的基本原則，但是對(duì)于不同的時(shí)間，如三個(gè)時(shí)空時(shí)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換的具體表達(dá)不能很好地運(yùn)用，需要多加練習(xí)，熟能生巧。

【建議變式練習(xí)】

1.If people ______（drive）more slowly，there wouldn't be so many accidents.

2.If you had worked carefully，you ______（not make）so many mistakes

3.The boat wouldn't have drifted away，if we ______（tie）it up.

4. If I had known you already ______ (have) a typewriter，I ______ (not buy) one for your birthday.

5. If he ______（be）here this afternoon I would go with him.

6. If it were to rain tomorrow，the match ______（postpone）.

7. But for your help，we ______（not be）able to finish the work in time.

8. If it ______ (not be) for the leadership of the Party, we would not have achieved so much.

9. I wish I ______（study）hard while I was young.

10.It is about time that fence ______（mend）

11. My request is that we ______（hold）another session to discuss the problem.

12. It is strange that the car ______ (break) down at exactly the same place where it ______（break）down yesterday.

13.The baby smiled as if he had ______（understand）what his mother ______（say）.

14. He talked as if he ______ (do) all the work himself，but in fact Tom and I ______（do）most of it.

15. If only we ____（have）a phone！I'm tired of queuing outside the public phone box.

16. “Can we come in late tomorrow？”  I'd rather you ______（come）in on time"

17. He looks as if he ______（be）ill for a long time.

18. He always talks as though he ______（address）a public meeting.

19.If a metal ______ (heat)，it will expand.

20.I ______（stay）home if it rains this evening.

答案：1~5 drove  wouldn’t have made  had tied  have had,wouldn’t have bought  were  6~10 would be postponed  wouldn’t have been  were not  had studied  should be mended  11~15 hold  have broken  had understood  had done  had  16~20 came  has been  were addressing  is heated  will stay

撰文：陳曉夏 楊佳順

圖片：無

審核：丁勁松

上傳：楊佳順