語法專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練之---主謂一致

【知識點(diǎn)】

    在英語句子里，謂語受主語支配，其動(dòng)詞必須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這就叫主謂一致。尋其規(guī)律，大致可歸納為三個(gè)原則，即語法一致、邏輯意義一致和就近一致原則。

 （一）語法一致原則：語法上一致就是謂語動(dòng)詞和主語在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上保持一致。

1. 以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語或從句作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

His father is working on the farm.            To study English well is not easy.  

What he said is very important for us all.     The children were in the classroom two hours ago.

Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.

注意：由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，后面的謂語動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

What I bought were three English books.

What I say and do are helpful to you.

2. 由連接詞and或both … and連接起來的合成主語后面，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語動(dòng)詞。如：

Both she and he are Young Pioneers.

Plastics and rubber never rot. 

Walking and riding are good exercises. 

注意：① 若and所連接的兩個(gè)詞是指同一個(gè)人或物時(shí)，它后面的謂語動(dòng)詞就應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如：The writer and artist has come.

② 由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語前如果分別有no, each, every, more than one, many a (an)修飾時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：

Every student and every teacher was in the room.

No boy and no girl likes it.

each放在由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語后面做同位語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：

The boy and the girl each have their own toys.

3. 主語為單數(shù)名詞或代詞，盡管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短語，謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式；若主語為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.

Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.

She, like you and Tom, is very tall.

4. either, neither, each, every 或no +單數(shù)名詞和由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。如：

Each of us has a new book.  We each have a new book.

Everything around us is matter.

注意：① 在口語中當(dāng)either或neither后跟有“of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞（或代詞）”作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting.

② 若none of后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語動(dòng)詞就要用單數(shù)；若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，它的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。如：

None of us has (have) been to America.

5. 在定語從句中，先行詞前有one of時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。先行詞前是the only one of時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：

He is one of my friends who are working hard.

He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.

6. 由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great deal of+ 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語做主語，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。如：

There are a lot of people in the classroom.

A great deal of time has been spent on this project.

7. more than one/ many a+ 單數(shù)名詞做主語時(shí)，意義上是復(fù)數(shù)，但動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：

More than one girl wears skirts today.

Many a scientist has been working on the AIDS vaccine。

注意：① a number of“許多”，作定語修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)；the number of“…的數(shù)量”，主語是number，謂語用單數(shù)。

A number of students are from the south.

The number of students from the north is small.

②a quantity of 修飾主語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞以后面的名詞為準(zhǔn)，quantities of修飾主語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞以quantities為準(zhǔn)。

A small quantity of water is left in the bottle.

A large quantity of books are on sale now.

Quantities of fish were caught that day.

8. 在倒裝句中，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語一致。如：

There comes the bus.                   On the wall are many pictures.

Such is the result.                      Such are the facts.

（二）邏輯意義一致原則：邏輯意義一致就是謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)必須和主語的意義一致（因有時(shí)主語形式為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)；有時(shí)形式為復(fù)數(shù)，但意義為單數(shù)）。

1. what, who, which, any, more, all等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可是復(fù)數(shù)，主要靠意思來決定。如：Which is your bag?          Which are your bags?

             All is going well.            All have gone to Beijing.

2．由and 連接的兩個(gè)what從句或非謂語動(dòng)詞作主語時(shí)，要根據(jù)意義一致的原則決定謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。如：

What he says and does do not agree.

What he says and does does not concern me.

When and where to hold the meeting has not been decided yet.

Where he is and how he is are still unknown.

3. 表示“時(shí)間、重量、長度、距離、價(jià)值”等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)做主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式，這是由于做主語的名詞在概念上是一個(gè)整體，如：

Thirty minutes is enough for the work.

20,000 dollars is not a small sum of money.

4. 若英語是書名、片名、格言、劇名、報(bào)名、國名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式，其謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。如： “The Arabian Nights”is an interesting story-book.

5. 數(shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞做主語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于它們所表示的意義。如：

About one third of the books are worth reading.

A large percentage of the work was done yesterday.

6. 算式中表示數(shù)目的主語通常作單數(shù)看待，其謂語動(dòng)詞采用單數(shù)形式。如：

Twelve plus eight is twenty.

Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.

7. 一些學(xué)科名詞是以 –ics 結(jié)尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works（工廠）等，都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞，實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)名詞，它們作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：

The paper works was built in 1990.

I think physics isn’t easy to study.

8. trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, jeans等詞作主語時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，但如果這些名詞前有a/two pair/pairs of等量詞修飾時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞與pair保持一致。如：

My glasses are broken.

The pair of shoes under is his.

Here are some new pairs of shoes.

9. 由kind( form, type, sort, species, portion, series) of 等修飾的主語，其謂語形式取決于這些詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。如：

This new type of buses is now on show.

Some new forms of art were discussed at the meeting.

10. 單復(fù)同形的名詞如means, works（作品）, sheep, deer, crossroads做主語，視其意義而定。如：

Each means has been tried to solve the problem.

There are various means of communicating with a stranger.

11.“定冠詞the + 形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類人時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。表示抽象概念時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：

The wounded were treated well.

The new is sure to take the place of the old.

12. 如果集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體，它的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果它指集體的成員，其謂語動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這些詞有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：

Class Four is on the third floor.

Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.

注意：people, police, cattle等名詞一般都用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：

The police are looking for the lost child.

13. the other/another+基數(shù)詞+N.(pl),動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：

Five people came to help, but another three were still needed.

14. the rest of… ,the remaining of…, part of…the majority of , 等做主語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞要根據(jù)主語所指單復(fù)數(shù)而定。

The majority of the refugees were from Iraq and the rest were from Libya.

注意：當(dāng)proportion作“部分”解時(shí)，如a (the) proportion of N 作主語，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于名詞的數(shù)。如：

A large proportion of my time is spent in studying. 我的大部分時(shí)間都用在學(xué)習(xí)上。

A large proportion of students are workers and peasants. 大部分學(xué)生是工人和農(nóng)民。

當(dāng)proportion作“比率；之比”解時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：

The proportion of boys to girls in our class is three to one. 我們班上的男、女生比例是3：1。

（三）就近一致原則：在英語句子中，有時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)與最近的主語保持一致。

 1. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)主語由either … or, neither … nor, or, not only … but also連接時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語一致。如：

Either the teacher or the students are our friends.

Neither they nor he is wholly right.

Is neither he nor they wholly right?

 2. there be句型be動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的主語。如果其后是由and連接的兩個(gè)主語，則應(yīng)與靠近的那個(gè)主語保持一致。如：

There are two chairs and a desk in the room..

注意：Here引導(dǎo)的倒裝句用法同上。 如：

Here comes the bus and two cars.

【高考考向】

主謂一致在高考中主要在語法填空和改錯(cuò)題中與名詞結(jié)合起來綜合考查。需要學(xué)生熟練掌握主謂一致的各條規(guī)則，尤其是一些特殊情況。近幾年來，高考關(guān)于該內(nèi)容的考查主要集中在語法一致，邏輯一致和就近原則三個(gè)方面。

【高考真題】

1. （2021·浙江卷語法填空）It doesn't impress like George Washington's plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, ___36___ （prove）irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.……. When the house was built, it was much smaller than it is today. Mary's niece wrote, "The little home ___40___ （paint）white.

【答案】36. has proved/has proven            40. was painted   

【解析】36. 考查動(dòng)詞。句意：它不像喬治華盛頓在波托馬克河畔的種植園那樣給人留下深刻印象，但林肯在伊利諾伊州斯普林菲爾德市中心的家，自從向公眾開放以來，就被證明對游客來說是不可抗拒的。分析句子成分可知，設(shè)空處作謂語動(dòng)詞，Lincoln’s home in downtown Springfield Illinois作主語；結(jié)合句意及設(shè)空處后的時(shí)間狀語從句since it opened to the public可知，此處指過去發(fā)生的事情對現(xiàn)在造成的影響，符合現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)概念，故設(shè)空處用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)是has/have +過去分詞；主語Lincoln’s home in downtown Springfield Illinois是第三人稱單數(shù)，所以助動(dòng)詞用has，提示詞prove 的過去分詞形式是proved或proven。故填 has proved/ has proven。

40. 考查被動(dòng)語態(tài)。句意：這個(gè)小房子被漆成了白色。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，設(shè)空處作謂語動(dòng)詞，The little home作主語。結(jié)合句意及常識可知，房子是“被漆”的，主語和謂語動(dòng)詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)；根據(jù)上文的was built可知，此處為一般過去時(shí)態(tài)；一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)是was/were+過去分詞；主語The little home是單數(shù)第三人稱，所以要用was，提示詞paint的過去分詞形式是painted。故填was painted。

2.（2020·山東卷）The parts of a museum open to the public  40    (call) galleries or rooms.

【答案】are called

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)及語態(tài)。句意:博物館對公眾開放的部分被稱為畫廊或展廳。此處描述的是客觀使用，應(yīng)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；主語與call是邏輯動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，應(yīng)使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，且主語是復(fù)數(shù)概念。故填are called。

3．（2020·天津卷）The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and ______ around that level since.

A．a(chǎn)re remaining  B．have remained  C．is remaining     D．has remained

【答案】D

【解析】考查時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致。句意:20世紀(jì)90年代初，醫(yī)學(xué)院的數(shù)量達(dá)到了18所，此后一直保持在這個(gè)水平。ever since“從那以后”作時(shí)間狀語，句子用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。主語為the number of medical schools，the number of表示“……的數(shù)目”，中心詞是number，所以是單數(shù)，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。綜上，故選D。

4.【2019·江蘇卷】 The musician along with his band members ___________ ten performances in the last three months.

A. gives B. has given C. have given D. give

【答案】B

【解析】考查現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與主謂一致。句意：在過去的三個(gè)月里，這名音樂家與他的樂隊(duì)成員已經(jīng)完成了十場演出。由“in the last three months”可知，這句話的時(shí)態(tài)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故排除AD選項(xiàng)。本句主語為the musician，為第三人稱單數(shù)形式，句中的“along with his band members”是附加成分，故謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。故選B。

5.【2019·天津卷】Amy, as well as her brothers, ____________ a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.

A. is given B. are given   C. was given   D. were given

【答案】C

【解析】本題考查時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意：艾米和他的兄弟們當(dāng)上周回到村里時(shí)，受到了熱烈的歡迎。根據(jù)last week可知應(yīng)用過去時(shí)，排除選項(xiàng)A和B。as well as連接并列主語，謂語動(dòng)詞就前原則。這句話真正的主語是Amy，她受到熱烈歡迎，所以用過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)。故選C。

6.【2019·新課標(biāo)I卷】 Of the  nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six ___70___ (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.

【答案】are

【解析】時(shí)態(tài)和考查主謂一致。根據(jù)three are declining，此處數(shù)詞six作主語，代指前文中的“polar bear subpopulations”，故用復(fù)數(shù)謂語，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故填are。

【學(xué)生學(xué)情分析】

學(xué)生能輕松解答難度較低的主謂一致的常規(guī)習(xí)題，但由于主謂一致原則太多，有很多特殊情況，對于如就近原則和就遠(yuǎn)原則等特殊情況，學(xué)生容易混淆，需要強(qiáng)化練習(xí)，加深印象。

【建議變式練習(xí)】

練習(xí)

1. Neither of them ______ going to the cinema. Both of them _____ going to the cinema.

A. is ; are           B. is ; is        C. are ; was         D. are ; is

2. All but one _____ here just now. All that I want to say ____ this.

A. was; were         B. was; is      C. were; is        D. were; were

3. A number of students ____ gone for an outing. The number of the students ______ increasing year.      A. have; has     B. is; have     C. has; have    D. have; is

4. Some of the oranges ______ turned bad. Some of the milk _______ turned sour.

A. have; has     B. have; have        C. has; have     D. have; is

5. Each student -____ got an English- Chinese dictionary. The students each ______ a dictionary.

A. have; has      B. has; have         C. have; have      D. has; has

6. There _____ a pen, an ink bottle, and some books on it. There ________ some bowls, plates and a spoon on it.

A. is; are       B. are; are      C. are; is       D. is; is

7. Either the judge or the lawyers ________ wrong. Either you or he _______ to blame.

A. is; are       B. are; is       C. are; are    D. is; is

8. His family ______ all very well. His family _______ a “ five good” one.

A. are; is        B. is; is       C. are; are        D. is; are

9. My blue trousers ______ worn out. One pair of trousers ______ not enough.

A. is; are       B. are; are        C. is; is        D. are; is

10. Our League secretary and monitor ______ the lead in everything. Our League secretary and the monitor ______ good friends.

A. take; are       B. take; is      C. takes; is        D. takes; are

11. The girl as well as his parents _______ a bike. Not only the students but also the professor ______ surprised at Mary’s answer.

A. have; was       B. have; were      C. has; was       D. has; were

12. Who _____ the girl singing in the next room? Who ______ these people over there?

A. are; are        B. are; is        C. is; are        D. is; is   www.ks5u.com

13. Most of the students _____ boys. Most of his money _____ spent on books.

A. are; is        B. is ; is       C. are; are       D. is; are

14. The policeman ______ standing at the street corner. The police _____ searching for him.

A. are; is        B. are; are        C. is; are       D. is; is

15. The glasses ______ mine. That pair of glasses _____ my brother’s.

A. are; is         B. are; are       C. is; are         D. is; is

16. The news at six o’clock _____ not true. Those pieces of news _____ to be broadcasted.

A. are; is        B. are; are       C. is; are         D. is; is

17. Grandpa Wang and his two grandsons ______ taking a walk in the park now. Grandpa Wang, together with his two grandsons, ____ taking a walk in the park now.

A. are; are         B. is; are         C. is; is           D. are; is

18. No one but Jane ______ the secret. Nobody but Mary and I ___ in the classroom at that time.

A. know; was     B. knows; was     C. know; were     D. knows; were

19. There _______ nothing but two looms in the hall. There _____ something wrong with the machine.

A. was; is     B. was; are     C. were; is     D. were; are

20. He is one of the boys who _____ never late for school. He is the only one of the boys who _____ never late for school.

A. is; are       B. are; are       C. are; is       D. is; is

21. What they have done ______ of great use to us. What he says and what he does ___ agree.

A. is; not    B. is; do not     C. are; does not      D. are; not

22. Every picture except these two _______. Everything around us _____ matter.

A. have been sold; does  B. have been sold; do   C. has been sold; does   D. has been sold; do

23. A woman with two children ______ coming up to us. Mary, along with her parents, ___ moved to Paris.

A. is; has     B. is; have       C. are; have     D. are; has

24. one sixth of our classmates _____ from peasant families. One fifth of her time ____ devoted to writing.

A. comes; is   B. come; are    C. come; is    D. comes; are

25. Only 10 percent of the students in the class _____ League members. About 40% of Jim’s income ________ to the rent (租金).

A. are; goes      B. are; go       C. is; goes       D. is; go

26. It is this teacher who ______ leaving for London. It is you who ____ next.

A. are; are     B. is; are      C. are; is     D. is; is

27. The population of the earth _____ increasing fast. One third of the population here _____ workers.

A. is; are        B. is; is        C. are; is        D. are; are

28. This kind of snakes _____ very dangerous. These kinds of metal _____ hard to find.

A. is; is         B. are; is        C. is; are        D. are; are

29. Half of the visitors _____ from Europe. Half of the fruit _____ bad.

A. is; are      B. is; is      C. are; is      D. are; are

30. Every man worker and every woman worker _____ free medical care. At Christmas each boy and each girl _____ given a present.

A. enjoy; is    B. enjoy; are    C. enjoys; is    D. enjoys; are

31. Many a man ______ seen the wonderful film. Many men _____ seen the wonderful film.

A. has; has     B. has; have      C. have; has     D. have; have

32. Going to bed early and getting up early _____ a good habit. Singing and dancing _____ two of the things that he likes best.

A. is; is      B. are; is       C. is; are      D. are; are

33. Such ______ Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements. Such ______ her words.

A. were; were    B. was; were    C. were; were     D. was; was

34. Besides Xiao Wang, Xiao Ma _____ willing to do the work. The factory, including its machines _____ burnt last night.

A. was; is     B. were; is      C. was; are    D. were; are

35. If anybody _____, ask him to wait. _____ there anything I can do for you?

A. come; Is    B. come; Are     C. comes; Are     D. comes; Is

36. Chinese _____ not so difficult to learn. The Chinese people ________ brave and hard working.

A. is; is     B. are; is      C. is; are    D. are; are

37. Little _____ done to prevent the air from being polluted. Much _____ done to against fight pollution.

A. has been; have been     B. have; has    C. has been; has been    D. have been; have been

38. Do you know the singer and dancer who _____standing at the gate? China has thousands of islands, the largest of which ____ Taiwan.

A. is; are     B. is ; is     C. are; is     D. are; are

39. Each of the girls ____ an orange. Each ______ his duty.

A. have; has     B. have; have        C. has; has     D. has; have

40. When we are to hold the sports meet ____ been decided. Whether he succeeds or fails ______ matter.

A. have; don’t      B. has; don’t      C. have; doesn’t     D. has; doesn’t

41. Her clothes ____ nearly worn out. His physics ______ weaker than others.

A. is; is     B. are; is      C. is; are    D. are; are

42. Five hundred dollars ______ more than he can afford.    A. is          B. are

43. Food and clothing ____ daily necessities for people.     A. is          B. are

44. The United Nations ___ trying to persuade the two countries.    A. is          B. are

45. Three kilometers ____ not a long distance.     A. is          B. are

46. To say something _______ one thing, to do it _____ another.    A. is; is        B. are; are

47. Reading English magazines and novels ____ helpful to your study of English.

A. is          B. are

48. He, like you and Xiao Liu ______ very diligent.       A. is          B. are

49. Between the two buildings _____ a hospital.      A. stand        B. stands

50. How to get rid of these things ____ a big problem.     A. are          B. is

答案：1—5 ACDAB       6—10ABADD      11—15CCACA      16—20CDBAC

21—25BCACA     26—30BACCC     31—35BCBAD      36—40CCBCD

41—45BABAA      46—50AAABB

撰文：梁曦

圖片：無

審核：丁勁松

上傳：楊佳順